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  • File Name: DCR99ii.html
    Modified: 20 August 2002
    Title: Development of Capitalism in Russia -- Ch. 2
  • 1 occurence(s) of the search term american
  • 492 occurence(s) of the search term land
  • 0 occurence(s) of the search term nationalisation Description:
    N.-on about the top"stratum" of the peasantry 166-167. -- A comparison between thestandard of living or rural workers and peasants 167-169. --Methods of M.21-607. Translated by Joe Fineberg and by George Hanna Edited by Victor Jerome Prepared © for the Internet by David J. Romagnolo, djr@marx2mao.org (November 1997) (Corrected and Updated December 2001) C O N T E N T S [Part 2]   Chapter II. T h e D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f t h e  P e a s-              a n t r y .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 70 I. Zemstvo Statistics for Novorossia .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 70         Economic groups of the peasantry 70-71. -- Commercial agri-culture and the purchase and sale of labour-power 72. -- The topgroup; the concentration of land 72-73, and of animals and imple-ments 73, the higher productivity of labour 74-75. -- M.The European type of allotment-holding ruralworker 177-180 -- 6) The middle peasantry 181. -- 7) The for-mation of a home market for capitalism 181. -- 8) Increasing dif-ferentiation; significance of migration 182-183. -- 9) Merchant'sand usurer's capita

  • File Name: DCR99iii.html
    Modified: 20 August 2002
    Title: Development of Capitalism in Russia -- Ch. 3 & 4
  • 3 occurence(s) of the search term american
  • 323 occurence(s) of the search term land
  • 0 occurence(s) of the search term nationalisation Description:
    on private owners' estates out of a total of 16,472,000 des.The essence of the economic system of those days was that the entire land of a given unit of agrarian economy, i.e., of a given estate, was divided into the lord's and the peasants' land; the latter was distributed in allotments among the peasants, who (receiving other means of production in addition, as for example, timber, sometimes cattle, et.-- Group I includes the following: the 3 Baltic gubernias, the 4 Western (Kovno, Vilna, Grodno and Minsk), the 3 South-Western (Kiev, Volhynia, Podolsk), the 5 Southern (Kherson, Taurida, Bessarabia, Ekaterinoslav, Don), and 1 South-Eastern (Saratov); then follow the S

  • File Name: DCR99iv.html
    Modified: 20 August 2002
    Title: Development of Capitalism in Russia -- Ch. 5 & 6
  • 0 occurence(s) of the search term american
  • 72 occurence(s) of the search term land
  • 0 occurence(s) of the search term nationalisation Description:
    It is natural, therefore, that in Russian economic literature one should meet repeated references to this type of industry (the domestic production of articles from flax, hemp, wood, etc., for consumption in the hom. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 356   Its significance and influence on production 356-359. -- Artels359-360. VI. Merchant's Capital in the Small Industries .  .  .  .  .  . 360   The conditions that give rise to the buyer-up 360-361. -- Tradeswomen in the lace industry 362-364. -- Examples of mar-keting organisation 364-366. -- Views of the Narodniks 366-367. -- Forms of merchant's capital 367-369. VII. "Industry and Agricultural"  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 369   Data of the table 369-370. -- The agriculture of wage-work-ers 371. -- "land labourers" 371-372. -- Other data concern-ing industry and aagriculture 372-376. -- Length of the workingperiod 376. -- Résumé 376-378.   VIII. "The Combination of Industry with Agriculture" .  .  .  . 378   The Narodnik's theory 378. -- The forms in which industry iscombined with agriculture and their diverse significance 378-380. IX.   Some Remarks on the Pre-Capitalist Economy of OurCountrysid.Industry as a profession does not yet exist in this form: industry here is linked inseparably with agriculture, together they constitute a single whol

  • File Name: DCR99tc(OLD).html
    Modified: 20 August 2002
    Title: The Development of Capitalism in Russia
  • 0 occurence(s) of the search term american
  • 8 occurence(s) of the search term land
  • 0 occurence(s) of the search term nationalisation Description:
    -- The Village Communit.V. V. and N.-on: its erroneous character 43-45. -- The "foreign market" is wrongly dragged into the problem of realisation 46. -- The superficial estimation of the contra-dictions of capitalism by the writers mentioned 47. V.   The Views of Adam Smith on the Production and Circula-tion of the Aggreagte Social Product in Capitalst Societyand Marx's Criticism of These Views .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .  47   Adam Smith's omission of constant capital 47-49. -- The influence of this error on the theory of the national revenue 49-51. VI. Marx's Theory of Realisation .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 51   The basis premises of Marx's theory 51-52. -- The realisation of the product under simple reproduction 52-53. -- The main conclusion from Marx's theory of realisation 54-55. -- The significance of productive consumption 55-56. -- The contradiction between the urge towards the unlimited growth of production and the limited character of consump-tion 56-58. VII. The Theory of the National Income .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 58   Proudhon 59-60. -- Rodbertus 60-62. -- Contemporary econo-mists 62. -- Marx 63-63.  VIII. Why Does the Capitalist Nation Need a Foreign Market? .   . 64   The causes of the need for a foreign market 64-66. -- The foreign market and the progressive character of capitalism 66-67. IX. Conclusions from Chapter I  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 67   Résumé of the propositions examined above 67-68. -- The essence of the problem of the home market 69.  [Part 2 -- Chapter II (426k)]   Chapter II.  T h e  D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n  o f  t h e  P e a s-              a n t r y .  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 70 I. Zemstvo Statistics for Novorossia .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 70     Economic groups of the peasantry 70-71. -- Commercial agriculture and the purchase and sale of labour-power 72. -- The top group; the concentration of land 72-73, and of animals and implements 73, the higher productivity of labour 74-75. -- M.-- Engels's Opinion of the Contemporary Agriculural Crisis   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .  323   The Narodnik's wrong presentation of the problem of the village com-munity 323-325. -- Their misunderstanding of a passage in Capital325-326. -- Marx's estimation of peasant agriculture 326-327. -- His estimation of agricultural capitalism 327. -- M

  • File Name: DCR99tc.html
    Modified: 20 August 2002
    Title: Development of Capitalism in Russia -- Contents
  • 0 occurence(s) of the search term american
  • 8 occurence(s) of the search term land
  • 0 occurence(s) of the search term nationalisation Description:
     .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 304   The growth of commercial fruit growing 304 and vegetablegrowing 304-305. -- Peasant vegetable growers in the S. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 70         Economic groups of the peasantry 70-71. -- Commercial agri-culture and the purchase and sale of labour-power 72. -- The topgroup; the concentration of land 72-73, and of animals and imple-ments 73, the higher productivity of labour 74-75. -- M."TheFreeing of Winter Time" .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 318   The narrow and stereotyped character of this theory 318. --Its omission of highly important aspects of the process 318-323. XI.   Continuatio

  • File Name: DCR99v.html
    Modified: 20 August 2002
    Title: Development of Capitalism in Russia -- Ch. 7 & 8
  • 3 occurence(s) of the search term american
  • 74 occurence(s) of the search term land
  • 0 occurence(s) of the search term nationalisation Description:
    And in return for their centuries of service -- they found themselves one fine day forgotten and neglected" (Vestnik Finansov, 1897, N.To them, by the way, should be assigned the system of land tenure of the mass of the population, the tenacity of the village community (sic!), which raises serious obstacles to the development of a professional class of factory workers in our countr.And it is all the fault of insidious capitalism, which has introduced such "instability" into our national econom

  • File Name: DCRapp(OLD).html
    Modified: 20 August 2002
    Title: The Development of Capitalism in Russia
  • 0 occurence(s) of the search term american
  • 2 occurence(s) of the search term land
  • 0 occurence(s) of the search term nationalisation Description:
    19 with 6-10 workers same as in N.4) The average number of horses per owner, according to the data for 19 industries, is 1.4 and by grades: I) 1.1; II) 1.5; III) 2.0. 5) The percentage of peasants who cultivate their land with hired labour, according to the data for 16 industries, is 12% and by grades: I) 4.5%; II) 16.7%; III) 27.3%.  [Transcriber's Note: The following table appears in the printed text as a folded insert pasted between p.5-10k hds e

  • File Name: DCRi.html
    Modified: 20 August 2002
    Title: Development of Capitalism in Russia -- Pref. & Ch. 1
  • 0 occurence(s) of the search term american
  • 45 occurence(s) of the search term land
  • 1 occurence(s) of the search term nationalisation Description:
    page 40 II. THE GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRIAL POPULATION AT THE EXPENSE OF THE AGRICULTURAL     In view of the fact that in the epoch preceding commodity economy, manufacturing is combined with the raw materials industry, and the latter is headed by agriculture, the development of commodity economy takes the shape of the separation from agriculture of one branch of industry after anothe.later, Chapter IV, § IX), from the same recognition of the progressive nature of capitalist relations in agriculture as compared with pre-capitalist relations [Kautsky, S. 382: "The ousting des Gesindes (of personally dependent farm labourers, servants) and der Instleute ("midway between the farm labourer and the tenant cultivator": the peasant who rents land, making payment by labour-service) by day labourers who outside of working hours are free men, would mark great social progres.This, however, must not be understood as meaning that the population is engaged solely in agriculture: it only means that the population engaged in agriculture, also process the products of agriculture, and that exchange and the division of labour are almost non-existen

  • File Name: DCRii.html
    Modified: 20 August 2002
    Title: Development of Capitalism in Russia -- Ch. 2
  • 1 occurence(s) of the search term american
  • 486 occurence(s) of the search term land
  • 0 occurence(s) of the search term nationalisation Description:
    Vikhlyayev and Chernenkov 147-148. XII. Zemstvo Statistics on Peasant Budgets  .   .   .   .   .   .   . 148   Character of the data and methods of treating them 148-150. -- (A). General results of the budgets 150-157. -- Magnitude of expenditures and incomes 150. -- Components of expenditures 151. -- Components of incomes 152-153 -- Cash portions of the budgets 154-155. -- The significance of the taxes 155-156. -- (B). A characterisation of peasant farming 157-162. -- General data about the farms 157-158. -- Property and implements 159. -- Farm expenditure 160-161. -- Income from agriculture 161. -- An apparent exception 161-162. -- (C). A characterisation of the standard of living 162-172. -- Expendi-ture on food in kind 162-163. -- Expenditure on food in cash 163-164. -- Remaining expenditures on personal consumption 165. -- Cash expenditure on personal and productive consumption 165-166. -- M.21-603. Translated by Joe Fineberg and by George Hanna Edited by Victor Jerome Prepared © for the Internet by David J. Romagnolo, djr@cruzio.com (November 1997) C O N T E N T S [Part 2]   Chapter II.  T h e  D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n  o f  t h e  P e a s-              a n t r y .  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 70 I. Zemstvo Statistics for Novorossia .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 70     Economic groups of the peasantry 70-71. -- Commercial agriculture and the purchase and sale of labour-power 72. -- The top group; the concentration of land 72-73, and of animals and implements 73, the higher productivity of labour 74-75. -- M.Shcherbina 170-172. XIII. Conclusions from Chapter II .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   . 172   The significance of commodity economy 172. -- 1) Capitalist contra-dictions within the village community 172-173. -- 2) "Depeasantis-ing" 173-174. -- 3) Characterisation of this process in Capital 173-176. -- 4) The peasant bourgeoisie 176-177. -- 5) The rural prole-taria

  • File Name: DCRiii.html
    Modified: 20 August 2002
    Title: Development of Capitalism in Russia -- Ch. 3 & 4
  • 3 occurence(s) of the search term american
  • 322 occurence(s) of the search term land
  • 0 occurence(s) of the search term nationalisation Description:
    The capitalist farming system consists of the hire of workers (annual, seasonal, day, et.The essence of the economic system of those days was that the entire land of a given unit of agrarian economy, i.e., of a given estate, was divided into the lord's and the peasants' land; the latter was distributed in allotments among the peasants, who (receiving other means of production in addition, as for example, timber, sometimes cattle, et.The systems mentioned are actually interwoven in the most varied and fantastic fashion: on a mass of landlord estates there is a combination of the two systems, which are applied to different farming operations.[*] It is quite natural that the combination of such dissimilar and even opposite systems of economy leads in practice to a whole number of most profound and complicated conflicts and contradictions, and that the pressure of these contradictions results in a number of the farmers going bankrupt, et


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