Class
Struggles
in the
USSR

page 539
Index
Absenteeism, 181 Administrative apparatus   Bolshevik Party relations with,         251, 293-300, 400,         529n-30n     central government organs         and, 255-56     Cheka and, 284, 286-88     class character and indepen-         dence of administration,         337-43     dissolution of party in, 302     and elimination of bourgeois         organizations, 259, 261-70     independence from party,         272-74, 332     in internal functions of party,         300-11     intraparty struggle over,         408-10     in party membership, 320     and purge of party, 524-25     and Red Army, 275-78, 282     and Soviet organs, 270-73     theoretical heritage and,         342-43   class character of, 337-43,         515-16, 522-23   controlling size of, 511   development of socialist         economic relations and,         490-93		and disappearance of exploit-         ing classes, 29-32   effects of prolonged recourse         to, 514   and governmentalization of         trade unions, 35, 52n,         182-83, 384-91, 395,         455   hostile to dictatorship of pro-         letariat, 525-26   identified with dictatorship of         proletariat, 518   identity of masses and, in ac-         tion, 460   independence of, 329-44     class effect, 329-31     conditions for, 333-43     independence from party         and government, 272-74     intraparty struggle over,         408-10     objective basis of process,         331-33   labor discipline and, 186   "left communists" dispersed         by, 376   mass control of, 493-95, 507   mass line or administrative         centralism, 428-311   middle peasants and, 227   as not socialist, 446-47   petty bourgeois in, 162-63
page 540
Administrative apparatus (cont.)   principle of subordination to,         182-84   problem of appointment of,         405-8   Red Army feeding, 283   transformation of, 255   in transformation of role of         soviet organs, 270-72   undeclared opposition from,         415-31   Workers' Opposition and,         388-89   See also Technicians Administrative centralism, 153,         201, 428-31 Afghanistan, 70 Agricultural communes, 226,         247n, 248n   emergence of, 228-29   land code of 1922 and, 236   land held by, 220   numbers of, 228, 229 Agricultural labor, 237 Agricultural production   collapse of, 238   compulsion and, 355   decline in, 221, 232, 241-42,         249n   features of forms of, 517-18   increasing, 248n   requisitioning and, 353; see         also Requisitioning   See also Grain production Aigun, Treaty of (1858), 87n Alaska, 70 Albania, 13 All-Russia Central Executive         Committee of the         Soviets (CEC, VTsIK),		148, 149, 151, 179, 256,         302, 383   Bolshevik Party and, 105-10   bourgeois parties and, 259-60   Cheka supervised by, 285, 287   Mensheviks and, 266   and poor peasants' committees,         350-51   salaries of, 165   SRs and, 262, 269 All-Russia Committee for Aid to         Famine Victims (1921),         258 All-Russia Conference of Factory         Committees, 75 All-Russia Congress of Workers'         and Soldiers' Soviets         (1917), 77, 106-7 All-Russia Council of Factory         Committees, 151 All-Russia Council of Workers'         Control, 148-49, 151-53 All-Russia Electrification Com-         mission (Goelro), 153 All-Russia Peasant's Congress         (1917), 211 All-Union Central Council of         Trade Unions, 370 Anarchists, 179, 190, 362   and dictatorship of proletariat,         189   and election of offlcials, 407   elimination of, 264-65, 268   GPU watch, 527   and Kronstadt, 365   and rise of soviets, 75   and workers' control, 150   and Workers' Opposition, 398,         403 Anarcho-populists, 364
page 541
Anarcho-syndicalists, 150, 179 Andreyev, A. A., 390 Apparatchiki, defined, 312; see         also Administrative ap-         paratus Asia, 424, 496 Association of Agronomists, 151 Association of Engineers and   Technicians, 151 Austrian Social Democratic         Party, 469-70 Autonomization, 421     Bebel, A., 29, 461 Black market, 361 Bogayevsky, General, 206n Bogdanov, A. A., 122 Bolshevik, origin of term, 120 Bolshevik Central Committee,         26, 123, 401   administrative staff of, 303-4   and appointment of cadres and         functionaries, 405-8   and Brest-Litovsk treaty,         372-74   coalition government and,         371-72   demand for workers on, 383     increasing size with, 429-31   diminishing authority of, 311   favors insurrection, 81-83, 90n,         370, 371   and foreign-trade monopoly,         417-19   government in hands of, 108   Lenin's view of (1917-1918),         378   mass line and administrative         centralism in, 429   military opposition and, 382		nationalities problem in,         419-23   nature of discussions in, 300-1     intraparty factions, 399, 400     party discipline and, 125     party unity rule and, 526, 527   proletarian party policy and,         309   Secretariat of, see Secretariat   technicians used by, 374-75   Trotsky's and Bukharin's ideas         opposed in, 389-91   undeclared opposition in, 416 Bolshevik Party, 58, 345-435   administrative apparatus and,         see Administrative ap-         paratus   bourgeoisie and, see         Bourgeoisie   dictatorship of proletariat and,         see Dictatorship of pro-         letariat   discussions in, 368     factions, 399, 430, 432n, 526   economism and, 33-42     and NEP, 497-503     See also Economism   on eve of October, 80   formed, 117-18   ideological and political strug-         gles in, 345-46, 368-435     before civil war, 368-79     at end of "war communism"         and beginning of NEP,         395-435     during "war communism"         period, 380-94   internationalist attitude of,         90n   in July days, 90n, 127n   and Kronstadt uprising, 365-66
page 542
Bolshevik Party (cont.)   Lenin's last writings and, 438;         see also Lenin, Vladimir         Ilich   membership of, 207n-8n,         292-93     increase in, 317-18     introducing workers and     peasants, 429-31     1917, 124     1917-1923, 194     peasants in, 194, 216, 315         21, 429-31     social composition of,         315-21   peasantry and, see Peasantry   primacy of productive forces         for, 26, 27   proletarian character of, fragile,         447-48   purges, 10, 317-18, 320,         524-27   replacing, 48n   and rise of soviets, 73, 75-76   state capitalism as policy of,         464-69, 487; see also         State capitalism   tasks of, 60-62, 63n   and "war communism," 456     mistakes, 456-59     origin of illusions on,         459-62   in winter crisis (1920-         1921), 362-63   and working class, see Working         class   See also specific organs of the         Party; for example: Bol-         shevik Central Commit-         tee; Politburo Bolshevism, 359, 368, 377		Bourgeois-democratic revolu-         tion, see Democratic         revolution Bourgeois humanism, 170 Bourgeois ideology   and cult of spontaneity, 115-16   in educational system, 168-71   and independence of state         machine, 332-36   influence on petty bourgeoisie,         162   labor discipline and, 178-80   in Marxism, 50n   partial shaking of, 202   in party, 309-10, 368   in Red Army, 281-82   workers' control and, 147   in Workers' Opposition, 405 Bourgeois nationalism, 419 Bourgeois parties and press,         257-70 Bourgeois repression in party,         426 Bourgeoisie   administrative apparatus under     influence of, 295; see     also Administrative ap-     paratus   and Bolshevik Party     dominates party, 296-300     party leadership style and,         311-12, 324-25     penetrates party, 521     transformation of relations         with, 133-42     undeclared intraparty oppo-         sition and forces of,         415-31   breakdown of collaboration be-         tween peasants and,         80-85
page 543
breaking power of, 57, 84, 91-92   bureaucracy as embryo of new,         314; see also State         bourgeoisie   concepts of socialism, 470   democratic revolution and, 116   dictatorship of proletariat trans-         forms relations with,         133-42   educational system and con-         solidation of, 168-71   elimination of private, 160-61,         332-33   at end of "war communism,"         159-71   inside proletarian party,         413-14   "left Communists" and, 374   NEP and, 401   and rise of soviets, 74   rural, 160, 243-45, 337-38   Russian village and, 78   technicians and restored lead-         ership of, 153-55, 203n;         see also Technicians   weakness of, in tsarist times,         71, 72, 88n Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918),         106, 261, 263, 348, 468,         520   intraparty struggle over,         372-74 Britain, 70, 71, 480 Bukharin, N., 99, 144, 152, 354   administrative apparatus and,         530n   and Brest-Litovsk, 373   change of line by, 204n   economism and, 34, 38		and foreign-trade monopoly,         416     in intraparty struggles, 384     ideas of j 408, 413, 498     Lenin opposes, 389-92     nationalities question and,         419, 420     rejection of ideas of, 395-97     trade-union question, 384-88   labor discipline and, 185   "left Communist" trend of, 375,         378   managerial technicians and,         156-59, 204n   piece work and, 174   on Politburo, 302   removed from VSNKh, 154   Russification opposed by, 310   state capitalism and, 468     views on compulsory self-         discipline, 387   views on restoration of         bourgeois power, 297-300   and "war communism," 455   on workers' democracy in         party, 313 Bureaucracy, 327n   opposition to, 313-18, 330, 482,         511, 516-17; see also         Administrative ap-         paratus Cadet party, 130n, 262   in educational system, 169   elimination of, 257-59   and Kronstadt uprising, 364,         365 Capitalism   crisis of, 47
page 544
Capitalism (cont.)   development of, 118     in countryside, 214, 215, 244   illusions about disappearance         of capitalist relations,         461-62   proletarian practices in social         relations of, 334-35   requisitioning and, 353-54; see         also "War communism"         period   as social relation, 156, 205n   transition from, to communism,         127n     labor discipline and, 176   See also State capitalism; and         entries beginning with         term: Production Central Committee (Congress of         Soviets), bourgeois par-         ties and, 260 Central Committee (Russian So-         cial Democratic Labor         Party), 121, 122 Central Committee (Russian So-         cial Democratic Labor         Party [Bolshevik]), 273,         see also Bolshevik Cen-         tral Committee Central Control Commission         (1920), 287, 288, 305-6,         527 Central Executive Committee of         Russia, formed, 74 Central Trade Union Council,         151, 173 Cheka (extraordinary commis-         sion), 111, 131n, 456   development of, 283-88, 293   as indispensable, 266   intelligentsia in, 161   labor camps under, 207n		in provinces, 295         SRs in, 261 China,10, 242, 291n, 322-23, 492   army of, 129n, 281, 290n   socialist transition in, 42, 47   state capitalism and, 476n   tsarist expansion and, 70, 71,         87n-88n   USSR and, 13-16 Chinese Communist Party,         300-1, 410, 443, 476n,         500   army under, 129n, 281   dictatorship of proletariat         and, 49n   leading role of, 128n, 291n   on Stalin, 26 Coercion, 34-35   of middle peasants, 226-27   requisitioning as, 34, 58, 330-         34, 337, 352-55, 455   under "war communism,"         454-57, 459   See also Labor discipline Collective farms, 349   compelling peasants to join,         226   poor peasants and, 222   property of, 21-23 Collectivism, emergence of,         228-29 Collectivization, 27, 300 Committee of Public Safety         (France), 284 Commodity relations, 15, 16,         461-62   reestablished, 484-85 Communal facade of mir, 214;         see also: Mir Communist Saturdays, 196-98,         209n Communist work, 198-202
page 545
Compulsion, state, 34; see also         Coercion Concessions, defined, 248n Confiscation, 467; see also         Nationalization; Requi-         sitioning Congress of Peasants' Soviets,         106 Constitutional Assembly, 103,         107, 257, 262, 362 Contracts, labor, 186 Cooperation, 487-90, 511 Council of Labor and Defense         (STO), 187-88 Council of People's Commissars     (Sovnarkom)   administrative machinery of,         111, 272, 302   Bolshevik Palty and, 105-6   Cadet party banned by, 257   Cheka created by, 283   labor discipline and, 186-87   local authorities and, 110   relations between VTsIK and,         107-10   soviet congresses and, 256   soviet organs and, 272   VSNKh under, 153 Councils   school, 169-70   system of economic, 153   See also Soviets; Workers' con-         trol Countryside class relations, see         Peasantry Craftsmen, 162 Cuba, 14, 48n Cult of spontaneity, 115-16 Cultivation methods, mir and,         218 Cultural revolution, 298-99,         493-95, 511		Currency depreciation, 175, 361,     388, 461 Czechoslovakia, 9, 14     Dan, F. I., 266 Democracy, workers', lack of, in         Party, 312-13 Democratic centralism (concept),         122, 153, 369, 411, 520,         521 Democratic Centralism (group),         384, 388 Democratic parties, 366   elimination of, 257-70 Democratic revolution, 101, 202,        348-49, 449, 478-79,        517   agrarian, and hope for socialist         agrarian revolution,         219-24   balance sheet of,         439-42   carrying out, 116-17   class character of, 210; see also         Peasantry—class rela-         tions   interweaving of, with proleta-         ian revolution, 84-86   in Red Army, 280-81 Deserters, workers as, 187, 188 Détente, 13 Dictatorship of proletariat,         91-132   Bolshevik Party leadership in,         359-61     administrative machinery of         state and, 111; see also         Administrative ap-         paratus     and changes in party, 292         328, 347-67
page 546
Dictatorship of proletariat   Bolshevik Party leadership         in (cont.)     characteristics and limita-         tions of party role, 93-96     effects of party changes on         functions of, 311-25     and establishment of soviet         organs and Soviet gov-         ernment, 104-5     and government in hands of         party, 108-10     ideological obstacles to         strengthening dictator-         ship, 514-23     and inexperience of party,         125     and "infallible" party, 387     internal changes in party         and, 300-11     leading role of party,113-26,         127n-28n     mass line and, 191-93     and merging of party with         advanced elements of         working class, 193-95,         358     October and, 92-96     political obstacles to         strengthening dictator-         ship, 523-29     proletarian power wielded         through, 97-99     Red Army and, 112; see also         Red Army     state capitalism and, 464-69;         see also State capitalism     strengthening of dictator-         ship, 506-14     worker-peasant alliance and,         99-103		class struggle under, 16; see         also specific classes   and constitution of proletariat         as dominant class, 188-91   difficulty in maintaining,         179-80   establishment of soviet organs         and Soviet government         under, 104-13   forms of ownership of means of         production and, 21-22;         see also Means of pro-         duction   forms of proletarian power and,         96-104   NEP and, see New Economic         Policy   as new era, 442-43, 446-49   peasant-worker alliance and,         478-81, 485-86, 491-96   proletarian party and con-         solidating, 414-15   special features of, established         by October, 87   state and, 391-92; see also         State   state capitalism under, 464-75;         see also State capitalism   the system of dictatorship,         97-99   transformation of principal in         struments of, 251-53;         see also Administrative         apparatus   transformed relations with         bourgeoisie, 132-42   Workers' Opposition weakness         on, 403, 404 Distribution, state, 451-53; see         also "War communism"         period
page 547
District soviets, rise of, 73 Dogadov, A. I., 429 Duma, 72, 117, 123 Dutov, General, 206n Dzerzhinsky, F., 310, 390, 426, Economic apparatus, bourgeoisie         in, after October, 141;         see also Technicians Economic councils, system of,         153; see also Workers'         control Economic reforms, 11-12 Economism, 51n, 52n   cessation of fight against, in         Bolshevik Party, 33-42   criticized (1902), 115-16   in European labor movements         and Communist parties,         41-45   five year plans and, 37-41   in foreign-trade monopoly         question, 418   in interpretation of NEP,         497-503; see also         New Economic Policy   in Lenin's thought, 473   Marxism as, 16, 46   problematic of productive         forces and, 32   social foundations of, 36-37   of Workers' Opposition, 409 Economy, see specific aspects         of economy; for example:         Capitalism; Industry;   Production relations Educational system, 205n   bureaucracy and, 516, 517   and consolidation of         bourgeoisie, 168-71		Eight-hour day, 173 Eighth All-Russia Congress of         Soviets (Dec. 1920),         267, 390 Eighth Congress of Bolshevik         Party (Mar. 1919), 317,         330, 352, 382   and control of Soviet republic,         273, 295, 302   and middle peasants, 224,         226-30   new party program at, 186,         382-84   party membership at, 124, 315   self-determination of nations         and, 420, 421   VTsIK and, 107 Eighteenth Congress of Soviet         Communist Party (1939),         30 Eleventh Congress of Bolshevik         Party (Mar. 1922), 288,         295-97, 303, 306-8, 330,         446-47, 493, 513, 525 "Emancipation of Labor"         (group), 115 Emancipation of the serfs, 70 Employment, regulation of, 186;         see also entries begin-         ning with term: Labor Engels, Friedrich, 29, 49n, 115,         131n, 343, 470   cooperation and, 489-90   economism and, 43   on kulaks, 249n   Russia and, 214, 215, 218, 245,         246n, 255   state and, 460-61   on state and social classes, 30 Epidemics, 463n Estonia, 373
page 548
Exchange, peasant demand for         freedom of, 234-35; see         also New Economic Pol-         icy Expropriations, 467   generalized, 160   in industry and trade, 144-45   See also Nationalization; Req-         uisitioning Extraordinary commission, see         Cheka Factory committees, 178, 374   rise of, 73   technicians and, 155, 157   and town soviets, 75   workers' control and, 146-51   Workers' Opposition and, 388 Famine, 58, 463n Fifth Congress of Russian Social-         Democratic Labor Party         (1907), 121 Fifth Congress of Soviets, 107,         263 Fifth Trade Union Conference         (Nov. 1920), 389 Finland, 70, 365 First All-Russia Conference on         Party Work in the Coun-         tryside (1919), 231 First All-Russia Congress of         Soviets (Jun. 1917), 74,         75 First All-Russia Congress of         Workers' and Soldiers'         Soviets (Mar. 1917), 74 First Conference of Factory         Committees (spring         1917), 75 First Congress of Farm Laborers         of Petrograd Gubemia         (Mar. 1919), 226		First Congress of Peasants (May   1917), 77 Five year plans, 10, 37-41 Food rations, 361 Foreign intervention, 58   and dictatorship of proletariat,         507   and independence of state         machine, 336   peasant support and, 238   proletariat-peasant alliance         and, 221, 224   Red Army organization and,         94-95, 113   victory over, 200, 232, 233 Foriegn policy, recent Soviet,         13-14 Foreign-trade monopoly, 416-19 Fourth All-Russia Congress of         Soviets (Mar. 1918), 154 Fourth Congress of Communist         International (1922),         330 Fourth Congress of Russian So-         cial Democratic Party         (1906), 121 France, 42, 48n, 71 Franchise, 130n Functionaries, see Administra-         tive apparatus Gegochkori, 206n General Secretary   influence of, 310   Lenin on Stalin as,324; see also         Stalin, Joseph   post, established, 303 German Social Democracy, 359 German Social Democratic Party,         36, 327n, 460, 469-70 Germany, 42, 481, 486-87 Glavki (industrial direction), 154
page 549
Gorky, Maxim, 122, 527 Gotz, A. R., 206n Governmentalization of trade         unions, 35, 52n, 182-83,         384-91, 395, 455 GPU (State Political Administra-         tion), 310, 426, 527, 528   function of, 287-88 Grain production   fall in, 233   1909-1913 and 1920-1921,         248n   requisitioning of, suspended,         232-33 Great Proletarian Cultural Rev-         olution, 476n Hilferding, R., 470 Ideological class struggle, labor         discipline and, 176-81 Ideological role, conquest of         leading, 93-94; see also         Bolshevik Party --         ideological and political         struggles in; Bourgeois         ideology; Petty         bourgeois ideology Imperial Duma, 72, 117, 123 Imperialism, 69-71, 81, 87n-89n India, 70 Industry   iron and steel, lost to Germany,         373   Management of, see Supreme         Council of National Econ-         omy; Workers' Control   reactivation of, through state         capitalism, 181; see also         State capitalism		socialism and large-scale,         479-80   town class relations and mea-         sures affecting, 143-59   tsarist, 71-72 Intelligentsia, 21, 160, 161 Jacobin methods, 342, 343 Japan, 44 Jewish Bund, 122 Judiciary, intelligentsia in, 161 Juridical aspects of production         relations, 139-40; see         also Means of production Kabanidze, 426 Kaganovich, L. M., 304 Kaledin, Aleksei, 257, 260 Kalinin, M. I., 302 Kamenev, L. B., 48n-49n, 130n         31n, 327n, 433n   coalition government and,         371-72   defensist line of, 369-71   in intraparty struggles, 396   and Lenin's "Testament," 431   nationalities problem and, 422   on Politburo, 302   rightist trend of, 378 Kamensky, Gen. A. Z., 382 Karelian, 419-20 Kautsky, K., 118, 470 Kerensky, Alexander, 76, 81, 259 Kollontai, Alexandra, 388, 403 Kondrat'ev, N. D., 238 Kornilov, Gen. Lavr, 105, 206n Kosior, L. V., 310, 429 Kozlovsky, Gen. A. N., 363 Krassin, L. B., 430 Krestinsky, N. N., 302, 390
page 550
Kronstadt uprising, 233, 242, 265,         267, 307, 325, 356, 398   described, 362-66   effects of, 402-3   "war communism" and, 455-56 Kropotkin, Peter, 527 Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 43, 169         70, 299 Kulaks   agrarian communes and, 228   Engels on, 249n   income of, 244-45   middle peasants in fight         against, 225, 230, 284-85   new mir and, 236-37   poor peasants in fight against,         221, 222, 350, 351   See also: Mir     Labor, militarization of, 34, 384         88, 390, 455 Labor army, 188 Labor camps, 207n   established, 285-86   present population of, 12 Labor Code (RSFSR), 173 Labor desertion, 187, 188 Labor discipline, 34, 176-89   coercive measures, 184-89   Communist work and, 198-202   ideological class struggle and,         176-81   "left Communists" and, 375   socialist discipline and, 198         200   trade-union role in, 181-85   under "war communism,"         454-55 Labor mobilization, 183, 184,         186-88		Lamonov, A., 364 Land   decree on (1917), 210-11, 219   drop in uncultivated, 240   held by poor and middle peas-         ants, 238-39   household holdings in, 215-16   law on socialization of, 211   lost to Germany, 373   mir and, 213-14, 217   multiparcelization of, 237   peasant struggle for, 82, 84-90;         see also Democratic rev-         olution   recovered, 246n-47n   revolution and peasant hold-         ings in, 237-38 Land associations, decree on,         235-37 Land Committees, 76-77 Larin, M. A., 154 Lassalle, F., 117 Latvia, 372 "League of Struggle for the         Emancipation of the         Working Class" (group),         115, 120 "Left Communists," 156, 158,         174, 326n, 384, 393n   lack of realism of, 379n   state capitalism and, 372, 374         78, 468 Left opportunism, 413 Leftist-righffst opportunism,         34-35 Legal Marxism, struggle against,         115 Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 21, 30, 53n,         57-60, 63n   balance sheet drawn up by,         437-38
page 551
changes in conception of         NEP, 477-505     mistakes of "war com-         munism," 451-63     in period of "war com-         munism," 439-50     on state capitalism, 464-76   campaigns for insurrection, 90n   and countryside class relations     change in policy, 233-35,         255-57     former social relations in,         212-13     land question, 211, 245n     and middle peasants, 224         32, 351-55     mir and, 215     poor peasants and, 220-23   and dictatorship of proletariat     on bourgeois-proletarian re-         lations, 135     hegemony of class and, 127n     and limits of possible action,         95-96     military power and, 126n         27n     and party need to strengthen,         see Dictatorship of         proletariat -- Bolshevik         Party relations with     social classes defined by,         139-40     soviet organs and,104-6,110     and struggle to build party,         120-25     as system of power, 97-99     worker-peasant alliance and,         99-103   economism opposed by, 33, 35,         39-43   in February-October(1917), 75		breakdown in bourgeois         peasant collaboration         and, 80-81     and dual power, 72     forecast of April and, 84     insurrection, 82, 83     intraparty struggle, 369-72     national movements and, 86     and peasant revolt, 82     on revolutionary defensism,         79-80     on winning confidence         of peasants, 85   going against the tide, 414   illness of, 416-18, 432n   and independence of state         machine, 329, 337     class character of, 330-31,         338-41, 343   in intraparty struggles, 119, 345     Brest-Litovsk and, 372-74     close of debate with 1920 op-         positions, 396-401     in February-October (1917),         369-72     on foreign-trade monopoly,         416-19     ideological struggle, 368, 369     "left Communists" and state         capitalism, 375-77     mass line and administrative         centralism, 428-31     military opposition and, 382     nationalities question, 380,         381, 419-28     opposes Trotsky and Bukha-         rin, 389-92, 413     problem of appointment of         officials, 405-8     subjection of trade unions to         state machine, 384, 386
page 552
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich   in intraparty struggles (cont.)     undeclared oppositions and,         416-18     and workers on Central         Committee, 383     and Workers' Opposition,         388-89, 402-10   letters of, 311, 321-25, 328n,         433n   Marxism of, 49n, 345-46, 358         59, 477, 519-21     and theoretical struggle for         primacy of, 114-17     on theory and practice, 113,         131n   and ownership of means of         production, 21, 22   on Politburo, 302   on politics, 252   and productive forces, 24   on Russia, 69   and slogan "All Power to the         Soviets," 411-12   state capitalism and,464-75,         476n, 487   "Testament" of, 429, 431,         434n-35n   and town class relations     on capital, 205n     and capital as social relation,         156     expropriations and, 144-45     labor discipline and,177-80,         185     managerial technicians and,         156     mass line and, 191-92     new production relations         and, 196-201     resistance of working class to		state bourgeoisie, 167-68     rightist-leftist extremism         and, 159     role of party and working         class, 358-59     state capitalism and, 154-55,         157     Taylor system and, 174     technicians and, 154, 161,         164, 203n     workers' control and, 145         48, 150, 153, 203n     and workers as party mem-         bers, 195   and transformation of organs of         power and administra-         tive apparatus, 251, 288     administrative apparatus,         271-74     anarchists and, 264-65     Bolshevik Party transformed,         292-93, 295-99,         302-25     bourgeois parties and, 258         61, 266-69     and central government or         gans, 256, 289n     Cheka and, 284-85     Red Army and, 280 Leninism, 358, 359, 469-75 Leninist, term, defined, 125, 132n Lindenberg, Daniel, 169 Lithuania, 372 Livonia, 373 Lunacharsky, A. V., 169, 170 Luxemburg, Rosa, 86, 343, 359     Makharadze, F. Y., 427 Makhno, Nestor, 265 Mamontov, General, 279
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Management, collective, re-         jected, 406; see also         Technicians Mao Tse-tung, 48n, 129n, 326n   on correct ideas, 198   going against the tide, 414   on having several parties,         289n-90n   on leadership, 62   on need for an army, 290n-91n Martov, Y. O., 121, 266 Marx, Karl, 115, 470   and cooperation, 489-90   defines capitalist class, 44   economism and, 43, 473-74   and educational system, 169   and indicators of social condi-         tions, 137   Jacobinism and, 343   on necessity of revolution, 177   and ownership of means of         production, 21, 22   on Paris Commune, 164   and peasant war and working         class movement, 496   and political forms, 251   and production relations, 21,         163, 208n-9n, 333, 334,         459, 492   and productive forces, 24, 52n   on proletariat, 359   reestablishing contact with         thought of, 49n   and Russia, 214, 215, 218, 245,         246n   state and, 460-61   on workers' cooperatives, 529n Marxism, 190   abandoned, 11   in Bolshevik Party, 292, 342,         345, 410-11		bourgeois ideology and, 50n   and constitution of proletariat         as dominant class, 190,         191   "democratic" parties and de-         velopment of, 270   dialectical development of, 119   as economism, 16, 46   emerging conceptions in         conflict with, 159   fresh vigor in, 47-48, 49n   and ideological obstacles to         transforming social rela-         tions, 519   of Kautsky, 470   of Lenin, see Lenin, Vladimir         Ilich   and political obstacles to dic-         tatorship of proletariat,         528   proletarian revolution and rev-         olutionary, 113, 114   revisionism and, 19-20; see         also Revisionism   sclerotic, 47   struggle for primacy of, in labor         movement, 114-18   theses of, congealed, 20-32 Mass line, 191-93, 493-95, 515,         517 Mdivani, B., 427 Means of production, 529n   bourgeois loss of power and         loss of control over, 136   collective control over, 44   in mir, 244   owned by poor peasants, 244   See also State ownership Mensheviks, 24, 190   changes in trade unions and,         184
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Mensheviks (cont.)   Chekawatches, 284   and class relations in country-         side, 233, 351   coalition government with,         371-72   Constitutional Assembly and,         103   and dictatorship of proletariat         189   economism of, 37   in educational system, 169   and election of officials, 407   elimination of party of, 259-61,         265-70   fight against (1905), 116   government structure and, 108   GPU and, 527   Kronstadt and, 267, 363, 365   local militias and, 278   oppose slogan "All Power to         Soviets," 89n   origin of term, 120   revolution betrayed by, 105   and ripening conditions for         October, 80   and rise of soviets, 73-76,         104   in struggle to form Bolshevik         Party, 120-23   in winter crisis (1920-1921),         362   workers' control and, 147, 148 Migration to countryside, 181 Milin, Gen. S., 382 Military expenditure, 13 Military Revolutionary Commit-         tee, 283 Militias, local, 278-79 Milyutin, J. P., 154, 416, 432n Mir (village community), 85,         239, 243		capitalism and, 216   decree recognizing, 235-37   democratic revolution and,         219-20   described, 213-18   land controlled by, 245n-46n   land detached from, before         revolution, 247n   means of production in, 244   peasant households in, 246n   revitalized, 223-24, 517   rural bourgeoisie in, 160, 243-         45, 337-38 Mode of production   bureaucracy and, 314   changing, 137-38   mir and, 216-17   political forms and, 251   social coordination of produc-         tion and, 146-47   See also Means of production;         and entries beginning         with term: Production Molotov, V., 123, 311, 321, 447     Narodniks, 115, 131n, 213-15 National Center, 364-66 National movement, 86, 87 Nationalities problem, 419-28,         433n-34n Nationalization, 206n-7n, 464,         467, 476n, 518   basis for, 160   decrees, 144   effects of, 136-37   in Ukraine, 204n New Economic Policy (NEP),         161, 326n, 451, 462, 475   abandoned, 40, 299-300   agrarian legislation of 1922         and, 235
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and alliance with peasants, 524   changes in Lenin's conception         of, 477-505   characterized, 446   decrees inaugurating, 235   differentiation in money wages         and bonuses under, 175   and disintegration of proletar-         iat, 172   economic position of peasants         and, 237-45   economism and, 35   established, 58, 356, 401, 453,         456   ideological and political strug-   gles at start of, 395-435   middle peasants and, 227   outline of, 468   petty bourgeoisie and, 162   as state capitalism, 58, 468-         69, 478   and strengthening dictatorship         of proletariat, 506, 510,         512-13, 515   technicians and, 168   trade-union role in, 330, 391   transformation of, 484-97   wages and, 166, 173 Ninth Congress of Bolshevik         Party (Mar. 1920), 157,         183, 185, 188, 201, 285,         317, 384-88, 406 Ninth Congress of Soviets (Dec.         1921), 256, 286-87 Notkin, A. Ya., 25     October Revolution, 65-90   conditions for, 79-83   and rise of soviet movement,         73-79		stages between April and Oc-         tober, 83-87 Officers (Red Army), 275-78,         281-83 Oganovsky, N. P., 238 Ordzhonikidze, S., 123, 425-27 Orgburo (Organization Bureau),         274, 302-4 Orgotdel, 303, 304 Osinsky, V. V., 174, 302, 376, 383,         384 Otzovism, 117, 122 Ouvrièrisme, 409-10, 515 Ownership, class relations and         forms of, 20-23; see also         Means of production     Pankhurst, Sylvia, 264 Paris Commune (1871), 92, 164,         178, 459, 489 Partisan detachments, 279 Peasant banditry, 354 Peasant revolts (riots), 217-18,         240, 242, 361-62   February-October (1917), 82,         89n   1920-1921, 232   requisitioning and, 354-55   "war communism" and,         455-56 Peasantry, 21   allied with proletariat, 98-104,         115-17, 210, 323, 332,         478-81,512-13; see also         Democratic revolution Bolshevik Party relations with   accepting party leadership,         85   change in policy, 233-45,         355-57
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Peasantry   Bolshevik Party relations with         (cont.)     danger to party of worker-         peasant split, 323     democratic revolution and,         348-49     distrust of peasants, 515     historical relations between,         337-39     and increasing size of Cen-         tral Committee, 429-31     and intraparty struggles, 398     lack of support for party,         125-26     land and, 211; see also Land     limited representation         among peasants, 94-95,         216, 218, 223-24, 485         86, 523-24     middle peasants and, 227         29, 232, 351-52     peasants as members of, 194,         216, 315-21, 429-31     peasants as political obstacle,         523-25     poor peasants and, 220-24,         349-51   breakdown of collaboration be-         tween bourgeoisie and,         80-85   and building socialism, 477   characteristics of, and question         of power, 20n   class relations, 210-44   coercion of, 188, 189   cooperation and, 487-90, 511   dual power and, 84   on eve of October (1917), 80   middle, 161, 224-33, 284-85,         337-38, 351-52		NEP and, 478-503; see also         New Economic Policy   representation of, 102-3   requisitioning, 34, 58, 330-34,         337, 352-55, 455   revolutionary role of, 495-96   rise of, 87   in rise of soviets, 76-79   size of (1913), 88n   SRs among, see Social Rev-         olutionaries   soviets and, see Soviets   state capitalism and, 167   struggle for land, see Land   tsarist expropriation of, 72   in winter crisis, 361-66   Workers' Opposition and,         403-4   See also Kulaks Peking, Treaty of (1860), 87n People's Commissariat of Ag-         riculture, 488 People's Commissariat of Control         of the State, 273-74, 302 People's Commissariat for Food         Supplies, 354-55, 488 People's Commissariat of         Foreign Trade, 111,         416-17 People's Commissariat of Inter-         nal affairs, 287-88 People's Commissariat of Justice,         286 People's Commissariat of Labor,         181, 182, 186-88 People's Commissariat for         Nationalities, 381 People's Commissariat for War         and the Red Army, 275 People's Commissariat on Work-         ers' and Peasants' In-
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spection (RKI; Rabkrin),         274, 288, 302, 428-29 People's Liberation Army (PLA;         China), 281 Persia, 70 Peter the Great (tsar), 70 Peters, 284 Petrichenko, S. R., 362, 364 Petrograd Military Revolutionary         Committee, 112 Petrograd Soviet, 362   as administrative machine, 271   Central Executive Committee         and, 74   power of (1917), 72 Petrograd Trade-Union Council,         151 Petty bourgeois ideology   labor discipline and, 178-80   mir fosters individualism, 218   in party officials, 309-10 Petty bourgeoisie   appearing as workers, 322   banning organizations of,         268-70   as chief enemy, 480, 481, 484   concepts of socialism of, 470   at end of "war communism"         period, 159-71   human nature and, 196   "left Communists" as, 379n   NEP and, 401   peasantry and, 245     village petty bourgeoisie,         240-43   penetration of party by, 315,         521   size of, 162   state capitalism and, 481   state interference and, 147   weakening of private, and posi-		tion of administrative,         161-63  in winter crisis, 361 Piece rates, 173-75 Plekhanov, G., 115, 120 Podbelsky, 294 Poland, 12, 70, 372, 420 Political police, see Cheka; GPU Politburo (Political Bureau), 26,         274, 302, 391, 401, 422  diminishing authority of, 311  established, 383  factions and, 399, 400  foreign-trade monopoly and,           417-19  govemment in hands of, 108  Lenin's last writings concealed           by, 431  proletarian party policy and,           309  as source of leadership, 302  undeclared opposition in, 416 Poor peasants' committees,           221-25, 337, 349-51,           448-49   Population  deaths (1914-1920), 463n  of labor camps, 12 Power, see State; and specific           classes Preobrazhensky, Y. O., 52n, 302,           327n, 390  economism of, 34  nationalities problem and, 419,           420  and "war communism," 455 Primitive accumulation, 72, 81 Production  restoring (1922-1923), 513  small, 480-82
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Production (cont.)   state, 451-53; see also "War         communism" period   see also Agricultural produc-         tion; Means of produc-         tion; Mode of production Production norms, 175 Production relations   agrarian, 212, 223   bureaucracy and, 314   determination of, 137-39   emergence of new, 196-202   forms of ownership and, 21-22,         49n-50n   mass line, cultural revolution         and transformation of,         493-95   Marx and, 21, 208n-9n, 333,         334, 459, 492   persistence of, 201-2   political forms and, 251-52   state bourgeoisie and, 163   transformation of, as long-term,         511-12     socialist transformation,         443-46   "war communism," and, 459;         see also "War com-         munism" period Productive forces basis for socialist system in,         443-46; see also         Economism   bureaucracy and, 409, 516-17   primacy of development of,         23-29, 50n-51n, 473-74   problematic of, 15-17, 32-45 Productive process, 152-55,         507-10 Productivity, piece rates and,         173-75; see also Labor         discipline		Proletarian party, 51n, 410-15 Proletarian revolution   balance sheet on, 442-48   interweaving of, with demo-         cratic revolution, 84,         86, 87   limits of work of, 471-72; see         also State capitalism   See also October Revolution Proletariat   allied with peasantry, 98-104,         115-17, 210, 323, 332,         478-81, 512­13   disintegration of, 360   as dominant class, 188-91   dual power and, 84   at end of "war communism"         period, 1718-96   rowth of, 71, 88n   as minority, 128n-29n   relation between party and,         358-59; see also Bol-         shevik Party   Russian village and, 78   self-abolishing, 140-41     See also Dictatorship of pro-         letariat; Working Class Provisional Executive Commitee         of Council of Workers'         Deputies, 72 Provisional Government, 152,         346   educational system and, 169   falls, 75, 81-82, 87, 130n   formed, 72   intraparty struggle over sup-         port for, 369-70   peasant revolts and, 85-86   peasant support for, 76   and ripening conditions for Oc-         tober, 79-81
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and rise of soviets, 73   Stalin support for, 124 Purges, 10, 317-18, 320, 5241-27 Pyatakov, Iu. L., 420 Radek, K., 174, 385, 393n Rakovsky, Christian, 310, 327n,         390 Rationing system, 206n Red Army, 10, 111-13, 361, 362   defeats Makhno, 265   development of, 274-83, 293   Kronstadt uprising and, 365   officers of, 275-78, 281-83   peasant support for, 238   privileges in, 165   victories of, 112-13, 190, 232,         233, 279-83   and "war communism," 280,         282, 283 Red Guards, 89n-90n, 112, 275 Repression, 10-12, 30-31, 527,         528; see also Terror Requisitioning, 34, 58, 330-34,         337, 352-55, 455 Revisionism, 19-20, 27   economism in, 474; see also         Economism   falsification in, 117   salary differentials and, 164   and social relations, 46-47   a source of, 345   steps to, 159 Revolutionary Military Council         of the Russian Soviets,         456 Revolutionary Social-Democrat,         defined, 344n Riga Conference (1921), 416 Right opportunism, 410, 413,         415-31 Russian Social Democratic Labor		Party (RSDLPO), 119-         23; see also Mensheviks Russian Social Democratic Labor         Party (Bolsheviks), 114,         117, 123-26; see also         Bolshevik Party Russifying minorities, 310   and nationalities problem,         419-28, 433n-34n Rykov, A. I., 122, 311-72 Sadoul, Jacques, 213 St. Petersburg Party Committee,         121 Salaries, see Wages and salaries Sapronov, T. V., 383, 384, 404 Second All-Russia Conference of         Organizers Responsible         for Work in the Rural         Areas (1920), 353 Second All-Russia Congress of         Soviets (Oct. 1911), 15,         210, 260-61 Second All-Russia Congress of         Trade Unions (Jan.         1919), 182 Second All-Ukraine Congress of         Soviets, 381 Second Conference of Factory         Committees (Aug. 1917),         75 Second Congress of the Com-         munist International         (Jul. 1920), 36, 31, 46,         265, 342, 343, 488-90,         515 Second Congress of Russian So-         cial Democratic Party         (1903), 120 Second Congress of Workers' and         Soldiers' Soviets, 104
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Secretariat   establishment and role of,         302-4, 383   factions and, 399, 400   overgrown administration of,         308 Self-determination, 419-20 Serebryakov, L. P., 390 Seventh Congress of Bolshevik         Party (Mar. 1918), 376 Seventh Congress of Soviets         (Dec. 1919), 167, 231,         266 Seventh Congress of Soviets of         the USSR (Nov. 1936),         20 Seventh Party Conference of the         Moscow Gubernia (Oct.         1921), 452, 484 Shanin, T., 215 Shaumyan, Stepan, 381 Shlyapnikov, A. G., 124, 388, 390 Sixth Congress of Soviets (1918),         285 Sixth Extraordinary All-Russia         Congress of Soviets         (Nov. 1918), 350 Skhod (general assembly of peas-         ants), 78, 89n, 217, 236,         237 Skrypnik, N. A., 381, 392n Smenovekhovtsy , 297, 298 Smimov, V., 382, 393n Social ownership of means of         production, 24-25; see         also Means of produc-         tion Social contradictions, 11-12 Social relations   conditions for transforming,         472-74		destroying, as difficult, 18   development of proletarian,         253   independence of state machine         and lack of experience in         transforming, 339-40   prevailing, 42-48   task of transforming, 514-15,         522-23   See also Production relations Social Revolutionaries (SRs), 190,         204n, 284, 371-72, 407,         527   Constituent Assembly and,         103   dictatorship of proletariat and,         189   in educational system, 169   elimination of party of, 259-64,         267-70   and evolution of mir, 214   favor nationalization of land,         245n   government structure and, 108   Kronstadt and, 363-65   land reform and, 211   Left, 263-64, 266   local militias and, 278   peasantry and, 213, 337, 351,         363     peasant confidence in, 85     peasant discontent fanned         by, 233     peasantry and petty         bourgeois ideas of, 243   revolution betrayed by, 105   and ripening for October         (1917), 80   and rise of soviets, 73-77, 104   slogan "All Power to Soviets"         opposed by, 89n