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  • File Name: CSSUi.76ii.html
    Modified: 31 July 2017
    Title: Class Struggles in the USSR: 1917-1923 -- Part 2
  • 12 Occurence(s) of the search term authorityDescription:
    And this is what actually happened during the winter of 1917-1918.     The Bolshevik Party consequently sought to solve the problem of coordinating the activities of the factory committees by page 147 introducing "workers' contro.This was to function on a wider scale than that of the individual factory committee, substituting, for the divided and fragmentary (and therefore illusory) "authority" exercised by the collectives of the separate factories, a coordinated and unified class contro.     The conditions existing immediately after October did not make it easy to go over to a unified form of contro

  • File Name: CSSUi.76iii.html
    Modified: 31 July 2017
    Title: Class Struggles in the USSR: 1917-1923 -- Part 3
  • 15 Occurence(s) of the search term authorityDescription:
    It gave rise to an ever more pronounced trend toward the administrative machinery of state acquiring independenc.This machinery was not really subjected to control by the masses and it even tended to escape from the effective authority of the Bolshevik Part.    I.  The transformation of relations between       the central governmental organs     According to the Bolshevik Party's original plans, central state power was to be held by a congress of soviets, which page 256 would meet every three month

  • File Name: CSSUi.76iv.html
    Modified: 31 July 2017
    Title: Class Struggles in the USSR: 1917-1923 -- Part 4
  • 6 Occurence(s) of the search term authorityDescription:
    Only a minority of the latter took part in the movement, and these peasants often pursued narrowly personal aims and attacked the middle peasant.Where the poor peasants' committees became active, they set themselves in opposition to the peasant soviets and sought to form a "second ruling authority," dividing the peasantry at a moment when, in the face of the onslaught of the White and imperialist armies, it was necessary to unite the working class and the peasantry in the same figh.     Already in November 1918, hesitation and anxiety regarding the consequences of the development of the poor peasants' committees arose in the Bolshevik Party and in the VTsIK. When a congress of the poor peasants' committees of the Petrograd region was held, at which the representatives of these committees asked for all the political powers of the soviets to be transferred to their own committees, Zinoviev (apparently with the agreement of the party leadership) tabled a resolution declaring that, though the committees had fought against the kulaks, in carrying out their task, they "were inevitably obliged to go beyond the limits of the decree of 11 June," with the result that "a dual power was created in the countryside leading to fruitless dispersal of energy and confusion in relations."[2]     A week later, the Sixth Extraordinary All-Russia Congress of Soviets unanimously adopted a similar resolutio

  • File Name: CSSUi.76v.html
    Modified: 31 July 2017
    Title: Class Struggles in the USSR: 1917-1923 -- Part 5
  • 3 Occurence(s) of the search term authorityDescription:
    The withering of the activity of the soviets, which had begun already in the spring of 1918, was hastened by the extreme centralization to which this form of the militarization of economic and political relations tende.During the second half of 1918, the authority of the local soviet organs was subordinated to that of the central organs -- the Revolutionary Military Council of the Russian Soviets and the local revolutionary committees derived from this body, the "Council for Workers' and Peasants' Defense," and the Chek.The weakness of the party's local organizations favored this development, as we have seen, for "localist" or "regionalist" tendencies were not sufficiently countered by the unifying activity of the party, so that the various localities or regions tried to keep as much of their production as possible for themselves -- which was incompatible with war need

  • File Name: CSSUi.76vi.html
    Modified: 31 July 2017
    Title: Class Struggles in the USSR: 1917-1923 -- Bib. & Index
  • 2 Occurence(s) of the search term authorityDescription:
    74 (1971). In English Slavic Review Soviet Studies page 539 Index  Absenteeism, 181 Administrative apparatus   Bolshevik Party relations with,         251, 293-300, 400,         529n-30n     central government organs         and, 255-56     Cheka and, 284, 286-88     class character and indepen-         dence of administration,         337-43     dissolution of party in, 302     and elimination of bourgeois         organizations, 259, 261-70     independence from party,         272-74, 332     in internal functions of party,         300-11     intraparty struggle over,         408-10     in party membership, 320     and purge of party, 524-25     and Red Army, 275-78, 282     and Soviet organs, 270-73     theoretical heritage and,         342-43   class character of, 337-43,         515-16, 522-23   controlling size of, 511   development of socialist         economic relations and,         490-93     and disappearance of exploit-         ing classes, 29-32   effects of prolonged recourse         to, 514   and governmentalization of         trade unions, 35, 52n,         182-83, 384-91, 395,         455   hostile to dictatorship of pro-         letariat, 525-26   identified with dictatorship of         proletariat, 518   identity of masses and, in ac-         tion, 460   independence of, 329-44     class effect, 329-31     conditions for, 333-43     independence from party         and government, 272-74     intraparty struggle over,         408-10     objective basis of process,         331-33   labor discipline and, 186   "left communists" dispersed         by, 376   mass control of, 493-95, 507   mass line or administrative         centralism, 428-311   middle peasants and, 227   as not socialist, 446-47   petty bourgeois in, 162-63   page 540  Administrative apparatus (con.  principle of subordination to,         182-84   problem of appointment of,         405-8   Red Army feeding, 283   transformation of, 255   in transformation of role of         soviet organs, 270-72   undeclared opposition from,         415-31   Workers' Opposition and,         388-89   See also Technicians Administrative centralism, 153,         201, 428-31 Afghanistan, 70 Agricultural communes, 226,         247n, 248n   emergence of, 228-29   land code of 1922 and, 236   land held by, 220   numbers of, 228, 229 Agricultural labor, 237 Agricultural production   collapse of, 238   compulsion and, 355   decline in, 221, 232, 241-42,         249n   features of forms of, 517-18   increasing, 248n   requisitioning and, 353; see         also Requisitioning   See also Grain production Aigun, Treaty of (1858), 87n Alaska, 70 Albania, 13 All-Russia Central Executive         Committee of the         Soviets (CEC, VTsIK),           148, 149, 151, 179, 256,         302, 383   Bolshevik Party and, 105-10   bourgeois parties and, 259-60   Cheka supervised by, 285, 287   Mensheviks and, 266   and poor peasants' committees,         350-51   salaries of, 165   SRs and, 262, 269 All-Russia Committee for Aid to         Famine Victims (1921),         258 All-Russia Conference of Factory         Committees, 75 All-Russia Congress of Workers'         and Soldiers' Soviets         (1917), 77, 106-7 All-Russia Council of Factory         Committees, 151 All-Russia Council of Workers'         Control, 148-49, 151-53 All-Russia Electrification Com-         mission (Goelro), 153 All-Russia Peasant's Congress         (1917), 211 All-Union Central Council of         Trade Unions, 370 Anarchists, 179, 190, 362   and dictatorship of proletariat,         189   and election of offlcials, 407   elimination of, 264-65, 268   GPU watch, 527   and Kronstadt, 365   and rise of soviets, 75   and workers' control, 150   and Workers' Opposition, 398,         403 Anarcho-populists, 364   page 541  Anarcho-syndicalists, 150, 179 Andreyev, A. A., 390 Apparatchiki, defined, 312; see         also Administrative ap-         paratus Asia, 424, 496 Association of Agronomists, 151 Association of Engineers and   Technicians, 151 Austrian Social Democratic         Party, 469-70 Autonomization, 421   Bebel, A., 29, 461 Black market, 361 Bogayevsky, General, 206n Bogdanov, A. A., 122 Bolshevik, origin of term, 120 Bolshevik Central Committee,         26, 123, 401   administrative staff of, 303-4   and appointment of cadres and         functionaries, 405-8   and Brest-Litovsk treaty,         372-74   coalition government and,         371-72   demand for workers on, 383     increasing size with, 429-31   diminishing authority of, 311   favors insurrection, 81-83, 90n,         370, 371   and foreign-trade monopoly,         417-19   government in hands of, 108   Lenin's view of (1917-1918),         378   mass line and administrative         centralism in, 429   military opposition and, 382     nationalities problem in,         419-23   nature of discussions in, 300-1     intraparty factions, 399, 400     party discipline and, 125     party unity rule and, 526, 527   proletarian party policy and,         309   Secretariat of, see Secretariat   technicians used by, 374-75   Trotsky's and Bukharin's ideas         opposed in, 389-91   undeclared opposition in, 416 Bolshevik Party, 58, 345-435   administrative apparatus and,         see Administrative ap-         paratus   bourgeoisie and, see         Bourgeoisie   dictatorship of proletariat and,         see Dictatorship of pro-         letariat   discussions in, 368     factions, 399, 430, 432n, 526   economism and, 33-42     and NEP, 497-503     See also Economism   on eve of October, 80   formed, 117-18   ideological and political strug-         gles in, 345-46, 368-435     before civil war, 368-79     at end of "war communism"         and beginning of NEP,         395-435     during "war communism"         period, 380-94   internationalist attitude of,         90n   in July days, 90n, 127n   and Kronstadt uprising, 365-66   page 542  Bolshevik Party (con.  Lenin's last writings and, 438;         see also Lenin, Vladimir         Ilich   membership of, 207n-8n,         292-93     increase in, 317-18     introducing workers and     peasants, 429-31     1917, 124     1917-1923, 194     peasants in, 194, 216, 315         21, 429-31     social composition of,         315-21   peasantry and, see Peasantry   primacy of productive forces         for, 26, 27   proletarian character of, fragile,         447-48   purges, 10, 317-18, 320,         524-27   replacing, 48n   and rise of soviets, 73, 75-76   state capitalism as policy of,         464-69, 487; see also         State capitalism   tasks of, 60-62, 63n   and "war communism," 456     mistakes, 456-59     origin of illusions on,         459-62   in winter crisis (1920-         1921), 362-63   and working class, see Working         class   See also specific organs of the         Party; for example: Bol-         shevik Central Commit-         tee; Politburo Bolshevism, 359, 368, 377   Bourgeois-democratic revolu-         tion, see Democratic         revolution Bourgeois humanism, 170 Bourgeois ideology   and cult of spontaneity, 115-16   in educational system, 168-71   and independence of state         machine, 332-36   influence on petty bourgeoisie,         162   labor discipline and, 178-80   in Marxism, 50n   partial shaking of, 202   in party, 309-10, 368   in Red Army, 281-82   workers' control and, 147   in Workers' Opposition, 405 Bourgeois nationalism, 419 Bourgeois parties and press,         257-70 Bourgeois repression in party,         426 Bourgeoisie   administrative apparatus under     influence of, 295; see     also Administrative ap-     paratus   and Bolshevik Party     dominates party, 296-300     party leadership style and,         311-12, 324-25     penetrates party, 521     transformation of relations         with, 133-42     undeclared intraparty oppo-         sition and forces of,         415-31   breakdown of collaboration be-         tween peasants and,         80-85   page 543    breaking power of, 57, 84, 91-92   bureaucracy as embryo of new,         314; see also State         bourgeoisie   concepts of socialism, 470   democratic revolution and, 116   dictatorship of proletariat trans-         forms relations with,         133-42   educational system and con-         solidation of, 168-71   elimination of private, 160-61,         332-33   at end of "war communism,"         159-71   inside proletarian party,         413-14   "left Communists" and, 374   NEP and, 401   and rise of soviets, 74   rural, 160, 243-45, 337-38   Russian village and, 78   technicians and restored lead-         ership of, 153-55, 203n;         see also Technicians   weakness of, in tsarist times,         71, 72, 88n Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918),         106, 261, 263, 348, 468,         520   intraparty struggle over,         372-74 Britain, 70, 71, 480 Bukharin, N., 99, 144, 152, 354   administrative apparatus and,         530n   and Brest-Litovsk, 373   change of line by, 204n   economism and, 34, 38     and foreign-trade monopoly,         416     in intraparty struggles, 384     ideas of j 408, 413, 498     Lenin opposes, 389-92     nationalities question and,         419, 420     rejection of ideas of, 395-97     trade-union question, 384-88   labor discipline and, 185   "left Communist" trend of, 375,         378   managerial technicians and,         156-59, 204n   piece work and, 174   on Politburo, 302   removed from VSNKh, 154   Russification opposed by, 310   state capitalism and, 468     views on compulsory self-         discipline, 387   views on restoration of         bourgeois power, 297-300   and "war communism," 455   on workers' democracy in         party, 313 Bureaucracy, 327n   opposition to, 313-18, 330, 482,         511, 516-17; see also         Administrative ap-         paratus Cadet party, 130n, 262   in educational system, 169   elimination of, 257-59   and Kronstadt uprising, 364,         365 Capitalism   crisis of, 47   page 544  Capitalism (con


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