V. I. Lenin

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA

The Process of the Formation of a
Home Market for Large-Scale Industry
[Part 2 -- Chapter II]

(pp. 70-188)



Written in 1896-99.
First printed in book form
at the end of March 1899


Published according to the text
of the second edition, 1908
 



From V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, 4th English Edition,
Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1961

Vol. 3, pp. 21-607.

Translated by Joe Fineberg and by George Hanna
Edited by Victor Jerome


Prepared © for the Internet by David J. Romagnolo,
djr@marx2mao.org (November 1997)
(Corrected and Updated December 2001)


C O N T E N T S

[Part 2]
 

Chapter II. T h e D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f t h e  P e a s-
             a n t r y .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


70

I.

Zemstvo Statistics for Novorossia .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

70

     


  Economic groups of the peasantry 70-71. -- Commercial agri-
culture and the purchase and sale of labour-power 72. -- The top
group; the concentration of land 72-73, and of animals and imple-
ments 73, the higher productivity of labour 74-75. -- Mr. V. V.'s
argument of the decline in horse-ownership 75. -- The hiring of
farm workers and Mr. V. V.'s argument on this phenomenon 76-77.
-- The bottom group of the peasantry; the leasing of land 77-78. --
The middle group, its instability 79-80. -- Messrs V. V. and Kary-
shev on peasant rentings 80-84. -- The attitude of the Narodniks to
Mr. Postnikov's researches 84-85.


II.

Zemstvo Statistics for Samara Gubernia .  .  .  .  .  .  .

85



  Data concerning the farms of the different peasant groups in Nov-
ouzensk Uyezd 85-87. -- The land held and the land in use by the
different groups 87-88. -- Mr. Karyshev on land renting and grain
prices 88-90. -- Wage-labour; the creation of a home market by
the differentiation of the peasantry 90-92. -- The rural proletariat
in Samara Gubernia 92-93.


III.

Zemstvo Statistics for Saratov Gubernia.  .  .  .  .  .  .

93



  Data concerning the farms of the different groups 93-94. -- The
hiring of farm workers 94-95. -- "Industries" in Zemstvo statis-
tics 95-96. -- Rentings 96-97. -- The arguments on land renting
advanced by Messrs. Karyshev, N.-on, and Maress 97-101. -- A
comparison of Kamyshin and other uyezds 101-102. -- The signifi-
cance of the classification of peasant households 102-105.


IV.

Zemstvo Statistics for Perm Gubernia .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

106



  Data concerning the farms of the different groups 106-107. --
The hiring of farm workers and day labourers and its significance
108-110. -- The manuring of the soil 110. -- Improved imple-
ments 110-111. -- Commercial and industrial establishments
111-112.


V.

Zemstvo Statistics for Orel Gubernia .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

112



  Data concerning the farms of the different groups 112-113. --
Incompleteness of the picture of differentiation from the data for Orel
Gubernia 113-115.


VI.

Zemstvo Statistics for Voronezh Gubernia .  .  .  .  .  .

115



  Methods of classification in Voronezh abstracts 115-116. -- Data
for Zadonsk Uyezd 116-117. -- Industries 117-118.


VII.

Zemstvo Statistics for Nizhni-Novgorod Gubernia .  .  .

119



  Data concerning groups of farms for three uyezds 119-122.


 VIII.

Review of Zemstvo Statistics for Other Gubernias .  .  .

122



  Novgorod Gubernia, Demyansk Uyezd 122-123. -- Chernigov
Gubernia, Kozeletsk Uyezd 123. -- Yenisei Gubernia 124. -- Pol-
tava Gubernia, three uyezds 125. -- Kaluga Gubernia 126. -- Tver
Gubernia 126-127.


IX.
 

Summary of the Above Zemstvo Statistics on the Dif-
ferentiation of the Peasantry  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


127



  Methods of marking the summary 127-129. -- Combined table
and chart 130-133 and 140-141. -- Examination of the various
columns of the chart 134-139. -- Comparison between different
localities as to the degree of differentiation 140-141.


X.
 

Summary of Zemstvo Statistics and Army-Horse Census
Returns  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


141



  Zemstvo Statistics for 112 uyezds of 21 gubernias 141-143. --
Army-horse census returns for 49 gubernias of European Russia
143-144. -- Significance of these data 144-145.


XI.
 

A Comparison of the Army-Horse Censuses of 1888-
1891 and 1896-1900 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


146



  Data for 48 gubernias of European Russia 146-147. -- Statisti-
cal exercises of Messrs. Vikhlyayev and Chernenkov 147-148.


XII.

Zemstvo Statistics on Peasant Budgets  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

148



  Character of the data and methods of treating them 148-150. --
(A). General results of the budgets 150-157. -- Magnitude of ex-
penditures and incomes 150. -- Components of expenditures 151.
-- Components of incomes 152-153 -- Cash portions of the budgets
154-155. -- The significance of the taxes 155-156. -- (B). A
characterisation of peasant farming 157-162. -- General data about
the farms 157-158. -- Property and implements 159. -- Farm
expenditure 160-161. -- Income from agriculture 161. -- An ap-
parent exception 161-162. -- (C). A characterisation of the stand-
ard of living 162-172. -- Expenditure on food in kind 162-163.
-- Expenditure on food in cash 163-164. -- Remaining expendi-
tures on personal consumption 165. -- Cash expenditure on personal
and productive consumption 165-166. -- Mr. N.-on about the top
"stratum" of the peasantry 166-167. -- A comparison between the
standard of living or rural workers and peasants 167-169. --
Methods of Mr. Shcherbina 170-172.


XIII.

Conclusions from Chapter II .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

172



  The significance of commodity economy 172. -- 1) Capitalist
contradictions within the village community 172-173. -- 2) "De-
peasantising" 173-174. -- 3) Characterisation of this process in
Capital 173-176. -- 4) The peasant bourgeoisie 176-177. -- 5)
The rural proletariat. The European type of allotment-holding rural
worker 177-180 -- 6) The middle peasantry 181. -- 7) The for-
mation of a home market for capitalism 181. -- 8) Increasing dif-
ferentiation; significance of migration 182-183. -- 9) Merchant's
and usurer's capital. The presentation of the problem in theory. The
connection between these forms of capital and industrial capital
183-186. -- 10) Labour-service and its influence on the differen-
tiation of the peasantry 186-187.
 


NOTES



Foldout chart  of roughly 11 x 11 inches.



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