V. I. Lenin

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA

The Process of the Formation of a
Home Market for Large-Scale Industry
[Part 4 -- Chapters V and VI]

(pp. 331-453)



Written in 1896-99.
First printed in book form
at the end of March 1899


Published according to the text
of the second edition, 1908
 



From V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, 4th English Edition,
Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1961

Vol. 3, pp. 21-607.

Translated by Joe Fineberg and by George Hanna
Edited by Victor Jerome


Prepared © for the Internet by David J. Romagnolo,
djr@marx2mao.org (November 1997)
(Corrected and Updated December 2001)


C O N T E N T S

[Part 4]
 

Chapter V.  T h e  F i r s t  S ta g e s  o f  C a p i t a l i s m
              i n  I n d u s t r y .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


331

I.

Domestic Industry and Handicrafts .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

331

     


  The remants of domestic industry 331. -- The extent of the prevalence of handicrafts 332-333, their basic features 333-
334.


II.
 

Small Commodity-Producers in Industry. The Craft
Spirit in the Small Industries .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


334



  The transition from handicrafts to commodity production 334-
335. -- The fear of competition 335-337.


III.
 

The Growth of Small Industries after the Reform. Two
Forms of This Process and Its Significance.  .  .  .  .  .


338



  Causes of the growth of small industries 338. -- The settlement
of industrialists in the outer regions 339. -- The growth of small
industries among the local population 339-341. -- The shift of
capital 342-343. -- The connection between the growth of small
industries and the differentiation of the peasantry 343.


IV.
 
 

The Differentiation of the Small Commodity-Producers.
Data on House-to-House Censuses of Handicraftsmen in
Moscow Gubernia.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


 
344



  Presentation of the problem 344. -- The method of processing
the data 344-346. -- Combined table and chart 347 and 349. --
Conclusions: wage-labour 348, 351, productivity of labour 351-
353, incomes 355. -- The petty-bourgeois structure of handicraft
industries 355.


V.

Capitalist Simple Co-operation.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

356



  Its significance and influence on production 356-359. -- Artels
359-360.


VI.

Merchant's Capital in the Small Industries .  .  .  .  .  .

360



  The conditions that give rise to the buyer-up 360-361. --
Tradeswomen in the lace industry 362-364. -- Examples of mar-
keting organisation 364-366. -- Views of the Narodniks 366-
367. -- Forms of merchant's capital 367-369.


VII.

"Industry and Agricultural"  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

369



  Data of the table 369-370. -- The agriculture of wage-work-
ers 371. -- "Land labourers" 371-372. -- Other data concern-
ing industry and aagriculture 372-376. -- Length of the working
period 376. -- Résumé 376-378.


  VIII.

"The Combination of Industry with Agriculture" .  .  .  .

378



  The Narodnik's theory 378. -- The forms in which industry is
combined with agriculture and their diverse significance 378-380.


IX.
 
 

Some Remarks on the Pre-Capitalist Economy of Our
Countryside.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
 


380
 

Chapter VI.  C a p i t a l i s t M a n u f a c t u r e a n d C a p-
              i t a l i s t  D o m e s t i c  I n d u s t r y .  .  .  .


384

I.

The Rise of Manufacture and Its Main Features  .  .  .  .

384


 

  The concept of manufacture 384, its dual origin 384-385 and
significance 385.


II.

Capitalist Manufacture in Russian Industry .  .  .  .  .  .

386



  1) The Weaving Industry  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  2) Other Branches of the Textile Industry. The
      Felt Trade .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  3) The Hat-and-Cap and Hemp-and-Rope Trades  .
  4) The Wood-Working Trades  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  5) The Processing of Livestock Produce. The
     Leather and Fur Trades .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  6) The Remaining Livestock Processing Trades .  .
  7) The Processing of Mineral Products.  .  .  .  .  .
  8) The Metal Trades. The Pavlovo Industries .  .  .
  9) Other Metal Trades. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
 10) The Jewellery, Samovar and Accordian Trades .

386
 
390
393
397
 
402
409
413
415
419
422

III.
 

Technique in Manufacture. Division of Labour and Its
Significance  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


427



  Hand production 427-428. -- apprenticeship 427-28. --
Division of labour as a stage preparatory to large-scale machine
industry 428-429, its influence on the workers 429-431.


IV.
 

The Territorial Division of Labour and the Separation
of Agriculture from Industry.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


431



  Mr. Kharizomenov's opinion 431-432. -- Non-agricultural
centres432-434. -- The transitional character of manufacture
434-435. -- The raising of the cultural level of the population
434-435.


V.

The Economic Structure of Manufacture .  .  .  .  .  .  .

435



  The circumstances of production 435-436. -- How Mr. Ovayan-
nikov and Kharizomenov describe it 436-438.


VI.
 

Merchant's and Industrial Capital in Manufacture. The
"Buyer-up" and the "Factory Owner" .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


438



  The connection between the big and the small establishments
438-440. -- The error of the Narodniks 441.


VII.
 

Capitalist Domestic Industry as an Appendage of Manu-
facture  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


441



  Its incidence 441-442, its characteristic features 442-445,
the conditions making for its spread 445-446, its significance in
the theory of the surplus-population 446-448.


  VIII.

What Is "Handicraft" Industry? .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

448



  Some aggregate statistics on handicraftsmen 448-450. -- The
predominance of capitalistically employed workers 450-451. --
The vagueness of the term "handicraft" and the abuse of it 451-453.



NOTES





From Marx
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Notes for
"Part 4"
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