V. I. Lenin

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA

The Process of the Formation of a
Home Market for Large-Scale Industry

[Part 4 -- Chapters V and VI]



  Written in 1896-99.
 
  First printed in book
  form at the end of
  March 1899

    Published according to the text
    of the second edition
 
 
 



From V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, 4th English Edition,
Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1961

Vol. 3, pp. 21-603.

Translated by Joe Fineberg and by George Hanna
Edited by Victor Jerome


Prepared © for the Internet by David J. Romagnolo,
djr@cruzio.com (November 1997)


C O N T E N T S

[Part 4]
 

Chapter V.   T h e  F i r s t  S ta g e s  o f  C a p i t a l i s m
              i n  I n d u s t r y  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .


331

I.

Domestic Industry and Handicrafts .  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .

331


 

  The remants of domestic industry 331. -- The extent of the prevalence of handicrafts 332-333, their basic features 333-334.


II.
 

Small Commodity-Producers in Industry. The Craft Spirit
in the Small Indutries .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .


334



  The transition from handicrafts to commodity production 334-335.
-- The fear of competition 335-337.


III.
 

The Growth of Small Industries after the Reform. Two
Forms of This Process and Its Significance .   .   .   .   .   .


338



  Causes of the growth of small industries 338. -- The settlement of industrialists in the outer regions 339. -- The growth of small indus-
tries among the local population 339-341. -- The shift of capital
342-343. -- The connection between the growth of small industries and the differentiation of the peasantry 343.


IV.
 
 

The Differentiation of the Small Commodity-Producers. Data on House-to-House Censuses of Handicraftsmen in Moscow Gubernia   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .


 
344



  Presentation of the problem 344. -- The method of processing the data 344-346. -- Combined table and chart 347 and 349. -- Conclu-
sions: wage-labour 348, 351, productivity of labour 351-353. -- The petty-bourgeois structure of handicraft industries 355.


V.

Capitalist Simple Co-operation .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .

356



  Its significance and influence on production 356-359. -- Artels
359-360.


VI.

Merchant's Capital in the Small Industries  .   .   .   .   .   .

360



  The conditions that give rise to the buyer-up 360-361. -- Trades-
women in the lace industry 362-364. -- Examples of marketing or-
ganisation 364-366. -- Views of the Narodniks 366-367. -- Forms
of merchant's capital 367-369.


VII.

"Industry and Agricultural"  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .

369



  Data of the table 369-370. -- The agriculture of wage-workers
371. -- "Land labourers" 371-372. -- Other data concerning indus-
try and aagriculture 372-376. -- Length of the working period 376.
-- Résumé 376-378.


  VIII.

"The Combination of Industry with Agriculture" .  .   .   .   .

378



  The Narodnik's theory 378. -- The forms in which industry is com-
bined with agriculture and their diverse significance 378-380.


IX.
 
 

Some Remarks on the Pre-Capitalist Economy of Our Countryside  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
 


380
 

Chapter VI.   C a p i t a l i s t  M a n u f a c t u r e  a n d  C a p i-
               t a l i s t  D o m e s t i c  I n d u s t r y   .   .   .   .


384

I.

The Rise of Manufacture and Its Main Features .   .   .   .   .

384


 

  The concept of manufacture 384, its dual origin 384-385 and significance 385.


II.

Capitalist Manufacture in Russian Industry .   .   .   .   .   .

386



  1) The Weaving Industry   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
  2) Other Branches of the Textile Industry. The Felt
      Trade .  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
  3) The Hat-and-Cap and Hemp-and-Rope Trades .   .   .
  4) The Wood-Working Trades .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
  5) The Processing of Livestock Produce. The Leather
      and Fur Trades .  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
  6) The Remaining Livestock Processing Trades .   .   .
  7) The Processing of Mineral Products .   .   .   .   .   .
  8) The Metal Trades. The Pavlovo Industries .   .   .   .
  9) Other Metal Trades  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
 10) The Jewellery, Samovar and accordian Trades   .   .

386
 
390
393
397
 
402
409
413
415
419
422

III.
 

Technique in Manufacture. Division of Labour and Its Signif-
icance .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .


427



  Hand production 427-428. -- apprenticeship 427-28. -- Division
of labour as a stage preparatory to large-scale machine industry 428-
429, its influence on the workers 429-431.


IV.
 

The Territorial Division of Labour and the Separation of Agriculture from Industry   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .


431



  Mr. Kharizomenov's opinion 431-432. -- Non-agricultural centres
432-434. -- The transitional character of manufacture 434-435. -- The raising of the cultural level of the population 434-435.


V.

The Economic Structure of Manufacture  .   .   .   .   .   .   .

435



  The circumstances of production 435-436. -- How Mr. Ovayannikov and Kharizomenov describe it 436-438.


VI.
 

Merchant's and Industrial Capital in Manufacture. The
"Buyer-up" and the "Factory Owner" .  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .


438



  The connection between the big and the small establishments 438-
440. -- The error of the Narodniks 441.


VII.
 

Capitalist Domestic Industry as an Appendage of Manufac-
ture .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .  .   .   .


441



  Its incidence 441-442, its characteristic features 442-445, the conditions making for its spread 445-446, its significance in the theory of the surplus-population 446-448.


  VIII.

What Is "Handicraft" Industry? .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .

448



  Some aggregate statistics on handicraftsmen 448-450. -- The pre-
dominance of capitalistically employed workers 450-451. -- The vagueness of the term "handicraft" and the abuse of it 451-453.



Categories
of
industries

Absolute
figures[*] of
a) establish-
ments
b) workers
c) aggregate
output
(rubles)

% distribu-
tion[**] of
a) establish-
ments
b) workers
c) aggregate output

a) % of estab-
lishments
with wage-
workers
b) % of wage-
workers

Average output
(rubles)
a) per establishment
b) per worker

Average number
of workers per
establishment
(rubles)
a) family
b) wage
c) total

Total

by grades

Total

by grades

Total

by grades

Total

by grades

I

II

III

I

II

III

I

II

III

I

II

III

1st     /
 (9 indust- { 
ries)     \
 
2st     /
 (9 indust- { 
ries)     \
 
3rd     /
 (10 indust- { 
ries)     \
 
4th     /
 (5 indust- { 
ries)     \
 

831
1,776
357,890
 
348
1,242
516,268
 
804
4,893
2,013,918
 
102
1,516
*** 377,930

100
100
100
 
100
100
100
 
100
100
100
 
100
100
100

57
35
32
 
47
30
25
 
53
25
20
 
38
15
13

30
37
37
 
34
35
34
 
33
37
37
 
33
24
23

13
28
31
 
19
35
41
 
14
38
43
 
29
61
64


12
11
 
 
41
26
 
 
64
61
 
 
84
85


2
1
 
 
25
13
 
 
35
25
 
 
61
60


19
9
 
 
43
21
 
 
95
59
 
 
97
81


 40
 27
 
 
 76
 45
 
 
100
 86
 
 
100
 93


430
202
 
 
1,484
415
 
 
2,503
411
 
 
5,666
381


243
182
 
 
791
350
 
 
931
324
 
 
1,919
331


527
202
 
 
1,477
399
 
 
2,737
411
 
 
3,952
363


1,010
224
 
 
3,291
489
 
 
8,063
468
 
 
12,714
401

1.9
0.2
2.1
 
2.5
1.0
3.5
 
2.4
3.7
6.1
 
2.1
12.7
14.8

1.28
0.02
1.3 
 
1.9 
0.3 
2.2 
 
2.0 
0.8 
2.8 
 
2.2 
3.5 
5.7 

2.4
0.2
2.6
 
2.9
0.8
3.7
 
2.7
3.9
6.6
 
2.1
8.7
10.8

3.3
1.2
4.5
 
3.7
3.0
6.7
 
2.3
14.9
17.2
 
2.1
29.6
31.7

Total for all  /
categories  { 
(33 industries) \

2,085
9,427
3,466,066

100
100
100

53
26
21

32
35
34

15
39
45


40
51


21
20


57
46


74
75


1,664
367


651
292


1,756
362


5,029
421

2.2
2.3
4.5

1.8
0.4
2.2

2.6
2.2
4.8

2.9
9.0
11.9


    * The letters a) b) c) indicate that figures relating respectively to the items mentioned in the heading follow success-
 ively in the given column.
   ** These are percentages of the total number of establishments and workers in the given category of industries or in the
 given grade.
  *** For two industries, instead of the value of the product (= aggregate output) the figures of the value of the raw mater-
 ial used are given. This reduces the aggregate output by about 300,000 rubles.
 

Types
of fami-
lies ac-
cording
to eco-
nomic
strength

No.
of
per-
sons,
both
sex-
es

Work-
ers
male

Wage
work-
ers

Land
(dess.)

R
e
n
t
e
d

L
e
a
s
e
d

Income (in rubles)

Expenditure
(in rubles)

B
a
l
a
n
c
e

Cash
ex-
pend-
iture
as %

in
kind

in
cash

from

in
kind

in
cash

total

land

agri-
cul-
ture

in-
dus-
try

total

 Rich
 
 Medium
 Poor
 
 
 

14
 
10
 7
 
 
 

3
 
2
2
 
 
 

2
hired
--
hiring
them-
selves
out

19
 
16
 6
 
 
 

5
 
--
--
 
 
 

--
 
--
 6
 
 
 

212.8
 
88[*]
15*
 
 
 

697
 
120
 75
 
 
 

409.8
 
138  
50
 
 
 

500
 
 70
 40
 
 
 

909.8
 
208  
90
 
 
 

212.8
 
88
15
 
 
 

503
 
124
111
 
 
 

715.8
 
212  
126  
 
 
 

+194
 
-4
-36
 
 
 

70
 
58
88
 
 
 



From Marx
to Mao

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Chapters
VII and VIII

Notes for
"Part 4"
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